Turkish Cypriots · Rights and evidence
Rights on paper.Life in practice.
How does the Republic of Cyprus deliver the rights of Turkish Cypriots? Explore the legal framework, documented barriers, and the evidence behind each assessment.
Report card
The picture across seven rights areas
A score measures delivery of a right. Coverage tells you how much of the weighted assessment is documented. Read both together.
Citizenship
Property
Political participation
Language
Public services
Work and pension
Education
From a person’s point of view
Rights in everyday life
Follow a question from daily life to the documents. These reading dossiers bring together institutional findings, reported experiences and unanswered questions; they do not add scores to the rubric.
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Citizenship · 12 sources
Children of mixed marriages
The UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination found that children of mixed marriages involving Turkish Cypriots reportedly face significant difficulties getting Cypriot nationality, and it called on Cyprus to make access to nationality non-discriminatory in practice. Article 109 of Law 141(I)/2002 lets the Council of Ministers withhold citizenship by descent where a parent's entry into or stay in Cyprus was illegal. Because the Republic treats the whole island as its territory but does not treat entry through ports and airports in the north as lawful entry, that proviso has a concentrated effect on mixed families living there. The criteria for an exceptional grant anyway are those in Council of Ministers Decision 65.067 of 14 February 2007 — born on or before 20 July 1974; a foreign parent who is not a Turkish national; a marriage abroad, or in Cyprus before 20 July 1974; a relationship unrelated to the events of 1974; or residence in Pyla — quoted verbatim in the Administrative Court's 2017 Aydin judgment and applied in later cases including Eda Hancer v. the Minister of Interior. On 9 April 2025 the Supreme Constitutional Court dismissed Hancer's appeal; it held that the proviso and the 2007 criteria did not amount to arbitrary discrimination, while upholding the refusals. After the Presidency's 26 January 2024 measures, which included examining pending applications within the 2007 framework, only 14 applications had been approved by May 2024, against thousands of reported applications. K.E. v. Cyprus (no. 20913/24), a child's registration case, ended in a friendly settlement on 6 November 2025; a settlement is not a finding on the merits.
Read the finding and sources ↗Citizenship · 6 sources
Identity cards and passports
Turkish Cypriots who can show descent from a Republic of Cyprus citizen are still entitled to Republic of Cyprus identity cards and passports, and through them to EU citizenship. In April 2025, the Auditor-General told a House committee that 12,000 citizenship applications were pending, according to press reports. Separately, only 14 mixed-marriage citizenship applications had been approved by May 2024. The Children's Rights Commissioner found in March 2025, based on 63 children's cases, that the Article 109 citizenship exclusion risks leaving children stateless — her finding covers mixed marriages between Cypriots and foreign nationals generally, not Turkish Cypriot marriages specifically. A 2018 foreign-press report attributed to the Interior Ministry a cumulative total of 110,734 identity cards and 83,950 passports issued to Turkish Cypriots — this figure is now dated and has not been confirmed against a primary government document. In April 2026, a court still had to order the Migration Department to stop delaying one family's application, filed since 2018. There is still no official, current, community-disaggregated series of issuance and refusal figures, so the practical operation of civil registration remains insufficiently documented.
Read the finding and sources ↗Property · 8 sources
Possession and use of the property
The Guardian holds Turkish Cypriot-owned property under Law 139/1991. Title is not extinguished; management passes to the Minister of the Interior for as long as the statute's "abnormal situation" lasts. Section 6A, added in 2010, lets an owner bring a civil claim after an adverse request. The European Court of Human Rights in Kazali (2012) and again in Barutçuzade Ahmet Vasıf Efendi Vakfı and Hakki v. Cyprus (notified January 2026) required that domestic route first; neither decision is a merits ruling on the scheme. The consolidated law is current through 2025, including a duty to inspect for visual and seismic safety before any licence to use. The government's return to the Court reported 45 custodianship-lift applications decided in 2010-11; 16 were lifted and 29 refused. Arif Moustafa's property was returned in 2006. In January 2025 the Supreme Court found the Custodian's 2010 building authorisation unlawful and awarded damages. In June 2026 the Court of Appeal dismissed a claim for 125 Paphos plots. Owners who live in the north remain, as a class, without possession.
Read the finding and sources ↗Property · 5 sources
Rent paid or credited to the owner
The law routes all receipts from Turkish Cypriot property into a special Fund. Section 9 of Law 139/1991 suspends payment of any amount owed to the owner while the abnormal situation lasts. The House of Representatives approved the Fund's 2026 budget with revenue of EUR 17.6 million, expenditure of EUR 19.9 million, and a reserve of EUR 5.85 million at the end of 2024. In one documented case, compensation for a compulsory acquisition was credited to the Fund, but payment to the owner was suspended. No cumulative income figure since 1991 has been published. No total ever paid to owners has been published either. The account an owner could draw on is not shown in the public record.
Read the finding and sources ↗Property · 2 sources
Money in lieu of the property
In two documented cases, parts of Turkish Cypriot-owned properties were compulsorily acquired for public projects. The compensation was credited to the Fund, but its payment was suspended under the law. Since 2010 an owner can sue in the District Court; the European Court of Human Rights said it cannot exclude that this route works. Of the 45 custodianship applications the government reported deciding in 2010-11, only 3 sought compensation, and all three were withdrawn. No documented payment of money in lieu of property has been located for an owner resident in the north.
Read the finding and sources ↗Property · 5 sources
Allocation of leases
The Ministry of Interior stated in July 2025 that active leases number 20,093, of which 86.5% are held by displaced persons. The Audit Office's special report TTP/01/2023, published 24 May 2023, found that 8,880 parcels were allocated as professional premises as of 31 December 2021. Of these, 5,746 — 65% — were leased to refugees, and the remaining 35% to non-refugees and local authorities. The Audit Office called that share excessively high, because the law allows allocation to non-refugees only as an exception. An earlier special report, TTP/01/2022, found that 19 Paphos premises were let below market rent without any assessment of state aid. Audits found violations in 512 of 4,032 commercial lease contracts. The state moved to a points-and-tender system; its first competitive tender ran in early 2026. The ministry figures are the duty-bearer's own statements.
Read the finding and sources ↗Property · 2 sources
Disposals of Guardian property
Disposals do happen. Two documented compulsory acquisitions were made for public projects. Most of the 2010-11 custodianship-lift applications were owners selling their own property, to Greek Cypriot buyers or to the state. No case has been located of the Guardian selling property on its own initiative. No terms of any disposal are published.
Read the finding and sources ↗Political participation · 4 sources
Effective representation in the six seats
The Republic of Cyprus elects six Members of the European Parliament in one island-wide constituency. In 2019 Niyazi Kızılyürek was elected on the AKEL list and served until July 2024. In the 2024 election he lost his seat. Turnout among registered Turkish Cypriots was about 7.0% in 2019 and 5.5% in 2024, per figures reported by Kathimerini and compiled by SWP. In May 2026 a Turkish Cypriot representative publicly demanded designated European Parliament seats for Turkish Cypriots — a stated political position.
Read the finding and sources ↗Political participation · 9 sources
Voting and standing in national elections
In Aziz v. Cyprus (2004) the European Court of Human Rights found that Cyprus's refusal to register a Turkish Cypriot voter violated the Convention — a discrimination finding tied to communal classification, not to a second citizenship. Law 2(I)/2006 then gave south-resident Turkish Cypriots the right to vote and stand for the 56 Greek-community seats in the House, and to vote in presidential, municipal and community elections. The law's candidacy rights do not include standing for President. It requires six months of habitual residence in the south. In the first election under the law, in 2006, the government reported 270 Turkish Cypriot voters and one candidate to the Council of Europe. The final electoral roll for the May 2026 election was 859 Turkish Cypriots, up from the 837 announced in February. A Turkish Cypriot candidate stood in 2026 and was not elected, per the official results roster.
Read the finding and sources ↗Political participation · 3 sources
The 24 reserved seats
The House of Representatives has 80 seats. 56 are filled by the Greek Cypriot community. 24 are reserved for the Turkish Cypriot community and have been vacant since 1964. ODIHR's March 2026 report confirms the 24 seats are still vacant. No court has ruled on whether Article 3 of Protocol No 1 requires the Republic to give the vote, for parliamentary elections, to citizens resident in territory it does not effectively control.
Read the finding and sources ↗Political participation · 6 sources
Vote and stand — resident in the north
Since the 2014 amendment to the European Parliament election law, Republic citizens whom the Population Registry records as living in areas outside the government's effective control may be entered automatically on a special European-election roll if they hold a Republic identity card. For the 2024 election 103,269 were registered this way, per the Elections Office. Registration is automatic; SWP reports that residence criteria were not checked for that registration. In 2019 about 1,000 additional would-be voters reportedly could not vote because of registry problems. The same citizens have no equivalent roll for House elections.
Read the finding and sources ↗Political participation · 4 sources
Polling access from the north
For the 2024 European Parliament election, 32 special polling stations operated near the crossing points — 26 in Nicosia district, 2 in Larnaca district, and 4 in Famagusta district. This list was published by the press and independently matched by SWP. North-resident voters may use any of these special stations; an electronic roll is used to prevent double voting, per the Central Elections Service's own page. No equivalent record was located for earlier European Parliament elections. The 2019 registry failures, which stopped about 1,000 people from voting, show the arrangement has not always worked.
Read the finding and sources ↗Political participation · 2 sources
Party lists
In the 2024 European Parliament election, three of the twelve competing lists carried a Turkish Cypriot candidate — AKEL, Volt, and the Ecologists. These names are reported by the press and independently matched by SWP. In 2019 the AKEL list also carried a Turkish Cypriot candidate. No record was located for earlier years.
Read the finding and sources ↗Political participation · 2 sources
Forming a political party
Law 175(I)/2012 and the government registration page describe a 300-signature requirement from citizens entitled to vote, with a EUR 2,000 registration fee. They state no communal restriction. The fact that the registered Turkish Cypriot electorate is below 900 does not make 300 signatures mathematically impossible. Whether eligible Turkish Cypriot applicants can meet the requirements in practice, and how any application was handled, remains insufficiently documented in this corpus.
Read the finding and sources ↗Political participation · 5 sources
Candidacy and office held since 2006
Individual data points exist, but no full series. In 2006 the state reported one Turkish Cypriot candidate and 270 Turkish Cypriot voters to the Council of Europe. In 2024 three Turkish Cypriots stood as European Parliament candidates. In 2026 one Turkish Cypriot stood for parliament and, per the official results roster, was not elected. Press coverage called the 2026 bid the first Turkish Cypriot parliamentary candidacy since 1963, which conflicts with the 2006 record; both accounts are carried here. Municipal, community and presidential participation remain undocumented.
Read the finding and sources ↗Language · 10 sources
Official language in practice
Greek and Turkish are both official languages under Article 3 of the Constitution, a basic Article still in force. In 1964 the Supreme Court in Attorney-General v. Mustafa Ibrahim accepted that legislation could operate without Turkish promulgation under the doctrine of necessity; it did not repeal Article 3. The Official Languages Law of 1988 reaffirmed both languages. In July 2025 the Council of Europe Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention found Turkish "entirely absent from the public sphere" in official communication, public documents and the Gazette, and still dependent on the doctrine of necessity. The Republic's October 2025 comments pointed to Turkish-language service on the public broadcaster CyBC/RIK 2, not to bilingual legislation or forms. In 2026 the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination found that Turkish is little used in public administration and education, and told Cyprus to report back within a year. The delegation told that Committee that government websites carry Greek, Turkish and English; on 27 August 2026 Cyprus Rights checked three central portals and found only Greek and English. Parliament's site does offer a Turkish edition. The Ombudsman's 2024 reasoning treats Turkish-language publication as voluntary under the necessity case-law, not as an enforceable duty.
Read the finding and sources ↗Language · 6 sources
Public-service vacancy notices
In 2026 the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination found that Greek-language proficiency tests for certain jobs may discriminate in practice, even though Turkish is also an official language. A Committee expert put on the record that public-service job announcements are published only in Greek. Separately, the state scholarship foundation drew Ombudsman interventions over Greek-only announcements twice — in 2016 and again in 2024. In its 2024 report the Ombudsman concluded, based on the necessity case-law, that the foundation has no constitutional duty to publish in Turkish. It recommended English as a matter of course and Turkish only as an exception. It pointed to the Civil Registry Department, which already issues Turkish-language forms even though it is not legally required to. The Ombudsman's signed report itself is not separately published on its website.
Read the finding and sources ↗Language · 3 sources
Translated administrative forms
The European Commission's Green Line report covering 2023 (COM(2024) 265 final) records that Republic of Cyprus authorities have made application forms for roadworthiness certificates, authorisations and professional driving licences available translated into Turkish, free of charge — a documented instance of Turkish-language service provision — while no figure documents how many Turkish Cypriots have obtained documents under these arrangements. A separate sworn-translators register also certifies documents between Greek and Turkish, for private fees — a different mechanism from these free forms.
Read the finding and sources ↗Language · 5 sources
Laws issued in Turkish
The Constitution requires that acts be published in the Official Gazette in both official languages (Article 3(2) and 3(5)). In 1964 the Supreme Court accepted Greek-only promulgation under the doctrine of necessity; the 1988 Official Languages Law reaffirmed bilingual publication. The Council of Europe Advisory Committee in 2025 recorded that Gazette publication in Turkish still depends on that doctrine. Whether current issues appear in Turkish has not been audited series by series, and the Gazette site could not be reached when Cyprus Rights checked it. The legal duty is unrepealed; the current practice is insufficiently documented.
Read the finding and sources ↗Language · 2 sources
Courts and interpreters
The Constitution sets the language of court proceedings by the parties' community (Article 3(4)). The ordinary courts law is silent on language. The sworn-translators register covers written documents, not court interpretation. No proceeding conducted in Turkish since 1964 has been located, and no interpreter register exists.
Read the finding and sources ↗Language · 1 sources
Signage in public buildings
No audit or report on the language of signs in public buildings and hospitals was located. Four years of US State Department reports and both 2026 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination documents were checked, and none of them says anything about signage.
Read the finding and sources ↗Language · 1 sources
Airports and crossing points
This corpus contains no systematic, dated audit of Turkish-language signs at airports under the Republic’s control or at crossing points. That is a limit of this research, not evidence that nobody has studied the subject. A site-by-site inventory and photographs showing date, location and language are needed before scoring.
Read the finding and sources ↗Language · 1 sources
Main roads
This corpus contains no systematic, dated audit of the languages on main-road signs in government-controlled areas. A route-based inventory is needed to distinguish Greek, Turkish, English transliteration and multilingual signs. The absence of that inventory cannot establish that Turkish is absent from every road sign.
Read the finding and sources ↗Language · 2 sources
Parliamentary minutes in Turkish
Parliament's website has a Turkish edition, but its own menu leaves out the Digital Library, where the plenary minutes are kept. The minutes archive — covering 1960-2021 and the current term — is reachable only through the Greek-language pages. Whether any minutes are published in Turkish remains undocumented. This is Cyprus Rights' own structural observation of the site, dated 27 August 2026.
Read the finding and sources ↗Language · 5 sources
Turkish in state education in the south
The state’s earlier reporting described Turkish lessons at a Limassol school. The Council of Europe’s Sixth Opinion (2025), paragraph 112, adds a more specific account: the education ministry recruited two Turkish Cypriot teachers, one at primary and one at secondary level, and bilingual teachers for Gurbeti Roma pupils. This is not a count of all Turkish-medium provision. CERD’s 2026 observations still express concern about insufficient Turkish-language education in certain areas. A complete school, pupil and teaching-hours series remains missing.
Read the finding and sources ↗Public services · 4 sources
Access to GESY healthcare
Section 16 of the General Healthcare System Law lists citizen of the Republic among those who may be beneficiaries, then requires ordinary residence in the areas controlled by the Government — or in the Sovereign Base Areas. The Health Insurance Organisation's public guidance says the same. A Turkish Cypriot who is a citizen of the Republic and lives in the north is therefore outside GESY, because the system follows where the Republic administers it, not the reach of the citizenship the Republic issues. The Republic provides free care in public hospitals to Turkish Cypriots who establish Cypriot nationality, under a separate arrangement whose current figures and appeal route remain thin.
Read the finding and sources ↗Public services · 3 sources
Licences and roadworthiness — facilitation
The Republic of Cyprus makes roadworthiness certificates, authorisations and professional driving licences available to Turkish Cypriots free of charge, on application forms translated into Turkish. The European Commission's twenty-second Green Line report, covering 2025, records the facilitation unchanged. No figure documents take-up.
Read the finding and sources ↗Public services · 3 sources
Mobile roaming
Cross-Line mobile interconnection has operated since 11 July 2019, with CyTA and Epic named as the operators on the government-controlled side. A rate of EUR 0.29 per minute was reported at launch. Roaming charges still apply: the north sits outside the EU roaming regulation.
Read the finding and sources ↗Public services · 3 sources
Commercial vehicles and buses
Turkish Cypriot commercial vehicles over 7.5 tonnes can cross into the government-controlled areas only with fully acquis-compliant documents issued by the Republic of Cyprus. Buses carrying EU citizens need the same fully compliant Republic-issued documents. The European Commission's twenty-second Green Line report, covering 2025, records the issue as "yet to be solved"; the wording is unchanged across its reports.
Read the finding and sources ↗Public services · 4 sources
Opening a payment account
The Central Bank of Cyprus stated by circular of 26 April 2023 that Turkish Cypriots holding Republic of Cyprus passports or identity cards are entitled to open a payment account with basic features, provided customer due diligence is satisfied. The European Commission's twenty-second Green Line report, covering 2025, records that Turkish Cypriots continued to report difficulties and that "a very limited number" have been able to open accounts. The same report names restrictions imposed by the Turkish Central Bank on Turkish banks cooperating with banks in the Republic as a further obstacle.
Read the finding and sources ↗Public services · 2 sources
Transfers across the Line
The European Commission's twenty-second Green Line report, covering 2025, records that funds still cannot be transferred between banks in the government-controlled areas and banks in the north, and that this continued to hamper Green Line trade. The same report names restrictions imposed by the Turkish Central Bank on Turkish banks cooperating with banks in the Republic as a further complication.
Read the finding and sources ↗Public services · 4 sources
Business accounts
The European Commission's twenty-second Green Line report, covering 2025, records that Turkish Cypriot businesses were still unable to open bank accounts in the government-controlled areas — unchanged from earlier reports. The Central Bank circular of 26 April 2023 addresses individuals holding Republic of Cyprus passports or identity cards.
Read the finding and sources ↗Public services · 3 sources
Legal basis of the free-treatment policy
The Republic provides free hospital care to Turkish Cypriot citizens outside GESY. A government service page for hospital identity cards is current, and an official index refers to Turkish Cypriot hospital identity cards dated 31 July 2013. The Presidency's 26 January 2024 measures for Turkish Cypriots sit beside this practice. The named statute or Council of Ministers decision that creates the entitlement, a current caseload, and an appeal route are still not retrieved as a series. A 2005 medical-journal figure could not be opened and is not used.
Read the finding and sources ↗Public services · 2 sources
Uptake of the certification facilitation
The only take-up figures located are in the Republic's own statement of July 2004: 839 ordinary driving licences issued or renewed and 72,476 temporary road-use licences in the first fourteen months after the crossing points opened. That is the duty-bearer's own figure, and it is two decades old. Nothing current is published.
Read the finding and sources ↗Public services · 3 sources
Enforcement of the payment-account entitlement
The Central Bank's circular of 26 April 2023 states the entitlement. The financial ombudsman's aggregate figures for 2024 count 13 complaints about opening or closing basic accounts, but they are not broken down by community. No supervisory measure against a refusing bank has been identified.
Read the finding and sources ↗Public services · 3 sources
Postal services across the Line
Cyprus Post’s FAQ states that non-customs mail for northern recipients is forwarded through UNFICYP; customs items require collection in Strovolos with identification. This documents an official procedure, not delivery performance. Transit times, losses and accessibility remain insufficiently documented.
Read the finding and sources ↗Work and pension · 3 sources
Social insurance periods
Pre-1974 contribution rights are honoured on paper. The current official EU guide to the Cypriot scheme, from 2025, lets insurance periods be added together only for the EU, the EEA and Switzerland. It says nothing about the north. The European Equality Law Network's 2025 report describes a line of court decisions — Birinci (2006), Ertalu (2011) and Guvenler (2012) — that deny state benefits to Turkish Cypriots who live in the north, even when they work in the south and pay contributions there. Cyprus Rights has not opened these judgments itself; the network reports them.
Read the finding and sources ↗Work and pension · 4 sources
Recognition of qualifications for work
Qualifications from institutions in the north are treated by KYSATS, the Republic's recognition authority, the same way as third-country qualifications, because the Republic does not recognise the accrediting authority. In 2022 the Cyprus State Scholarships Foundation rejected a Turkish Cypriot's application for a state scholarship. One of the written grounds was that his degree came from 'an institution not recognised by the Republic.' Professional bodies in the south publish no figures on how many Turkish Cypriot applicants they admit or refuse.
Read the finding and sources ↗Work and pension · 4 sources
Employment discrimination
In 2026 the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination said Turkish Cypriots have limited integration into public institutions, including the civil service, the police and the judiciary. This is a treaty-body finding of concern, not a court ruling. The European Equality Law Network reports that no case has ever been decided by Cypriot courts under the EU Racial Equality Directive. Equality Body complaint statistics are not broken down by community. The police reported 54 recorded hate incidents to ODIHR for 2024. Of these, 30 were prosecuted and 2 were sentenced. For 2023, the police reported 57 incidents. Both figures include hate speech and are not broken down by which community was targeted. ODIHR itself observes that Cyprus's recording does not adequately distinguish hate crimes from other crimes. So whether Turkish Cypriots are targeted, and how often, still cannot be read from the published numbers. The true scale of employment discrimination remains insufficiently documented.
Read the finding and sources ↗Work and pension · 2 sources
Access to pre-1974 contribution records
Claimants report difficulty proving pre-1974 contributions. The current official guide to the scheme says nothing about historical records or how to access them. No study has been found of what records survive, where they are held, or whether people living in the north can reach them.
Read the finding and sources ↗Work and pension · 4 sources
Public-service recruitment access
In 2026 CERD said Greek-language proficiency tests for jobs may discriminate against Turkish Cypriots in practice. In a separate Equality Body inquiry, the state scholarship foundation's own chairman wrote that publishing announcements only in Greek is the standing practice of most ministries. The Republic's delegation told CERD that exams are open to all candidates and that foreign-service exam papers exist in both Greek and Turkish — the state's own stated position. How many Turkish Cypriots the public service employs is still unpublished.
Read the finding and sources ↗Education · 6 sources
Recognition of degrees awarded in the north
KYSATS is the recognition authority, set up under Law 68(I)/1996. Its published criteria and its nine general policy decisions say nothing about institutions in the north. No aptitude-test or partial-recognition route is documented as ever being offered. In September 2024, Cyprus held its review dialogue with the UN's Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. A Committee expert then named diplomas issued by Turkish Cypriot authorities directly, per the UN's own meeting summary. In October 2024, the Committee's written concluding observations raised a concern about degree recognition. They said people face difficulties getting degrees from other education systems recognised, and asked for simpler systems. That written concern grew out of the September dialogue. The written text itself stays general and does not name Turkish Cypriots. Cyprus University of Technology's official admission rules, checked in August 2026, list no category for school-leaving certificates from schools run by the Turkish Cypriot Administration. The only north-connected route is a carve-out for the Rizokarpaso school. The University of Cyprus's own rules could not be checked, because its site was unreachable. Cyprus ratified the Lisbon Recognition Convention in 2001. It registered no reservations or declarations of any kind, per the Council of Europe's treaty office.
Read the finding and sources ↗Education · 5 sources
EU education programmes
Under the EU Aid Regulation, EUR 760,670,469.93 was programmed from 2006 to the end of 2025, per the Commission's twentieth report, which uses the word 'programmed.' In 2024/25, 142 scholarships let Turkish Cypriots study in EU countries — 2,418 since 2007 — because those degrees are recognised. Erasmus+ as a programme stays out of reach in the north; the European Parliament's culture committee was reported in February 2024 calling that exclusion unacceptable.
Read the finding and sources ↗Education · 2 sources
KYSATS caseload for northern qualifications
KYSATS publishes no application or outcome statistics for any applicant class, and its statute pages are marked 'under construction.' Searches in Greek and English found no annual report and no parliamentary figure. How the recognition bar works case by case remains insufficiently documented.
Read the finding and sources ↗Education · 3 sources
Scholarship outcomes
The Commission's 2025 annual report records 142 scholarships awarded in the 2024/25 academic year and 2,418 awards since 2007, but it does not publish return rates, employment outcomes, or whether alumni's EU degrees are later recognised by the Republic. The outcome dimension is therefore documented as a monitoring gap, not as an absence of the programme.
Read the finding and sources ↗How to read the report card
Methodology ↗Rights delivery
0 means withheld; 100 means delivered. These are rubric assessments, not court rulings. Below 50% evidence coverage, an area receives no overall score.
Evidence coverage
Share of weighted assessments with sufficient documentation to score. Missing evidence is not a zero.
What the bands mean
- ●Delivered
- 80–100
- ●Partly delivered
- 60–79
- ●Obstructed
- 40–59
- ●Largely withheld
- 20–39
- ●Withheld
- 0–19
- ●Insufficiently documented
- Insufficiently documented — no score
One row per assessment, including residence, score, weight, finding and source links.